Wednesday, February 15, 2012

In Indonesia Jajah for 3.5 Ages Since A Book

Did you know that as a nation bukulah the Dutch can get to colonization of the archipelago and the rich of this earth for centuries? The book is titled Itinerario naer Oost ofte Portugaels Indien, written by Jan Huygen van Linshoten in the year 1595.
Here's her story:

Long before Europe opened his eyes to find a new world, the indigenous people live in peace archipelago. This situation changed dramatically when the Europeans began arriving on the pretext of trade, but to bring combat forces equipped with weapons. It is ironic, a character that moves the wheels of world history into the pools of blood are two different popes. First, Pope Urban II, who waged a crusade to capture Jerusalem in the Council of Clermont in 1096. And secondly, Pope Alexander VI.

Crusade unwittingly opened the eyes of the Europeans about the civilization that is far superior than them. European experience of enlightenment due to contact with Muslims in this crusade. If it is a fact long before the Europeans dared to sail the oceans, the Arabs have been known to the world as a nation of intrepid traders who used to sail the ocean to the archipelago. Even camphor which is one of the main substances in the ritual of embalming the Pharaoh in Egypt in the centuries before Christ, came from a small village called Barus who was in the middle of the west coast of Sumatra.

From this meeting of European civilization to know if there is one area in the south of the globe that is rich with natural resources, that does not exist anywhere in the world. The country was filled with rubber, pepper and other spices, other than that of Europe as well kiss the gold and precious stones that are stored in the stomach. The land is very friendly climate, and nature is very beautiful. This area that we now know the name of the archipelago. Hearing all this wealth of Europe is very eager to find all the things that has not been acquired.

Pope Alexander VI in 1494 gave the church an official mandate to the Kingdom of the Catholic Portuguese and Spanish through the Treaty of Tordesillas. Given this agreement, Pope Alexander to arbitrarily divide the world outside of mainland Europe into two plots to annexed. Tordesilas demarcation line in the agreement that followed the circle of latitude of the Cape Verde Islands, beyond the two poles of the earth. This gives the New World, now called the Spanish-American continent. Africa and India handed over to the Portuguese. Pope demarkasinya line shifts eastward as far as 1170 kilometers from Cape Verde Islands. Brazil also fell to the Portuguese. European foray path eastwards far into the archipelago was divided into two. Spanish and Portuguese sailed to the West to the East, the two finally met in the Moluccas, the Banda Sea.

Previously, if two competing center of power that reproduce exactly the treasure robbery meet at one point then they will fight, but when you meet in the Moluccas, the Portuguese and Sanyol try to refrain. On 5 September 1494, Spain and Portugal made agreements Saragossa that determine the anti-meridian, or line connections on a semi-circle which went on line 1170 kilometers from Cape Verde. The line is located to the east of the Maluku islands, around Guam.

Since then, Portugal and Spain managed to bring a lot of spices from the voyage. Across Europe to hear it and start the race to also send a fleet to new lands in the south. When the European naval expedition sent to discover new worlds, understanding between trade, warfare, and the spread of Christianity there was virtually no difference. The mission of this European imperialism until we now know as the "Three G": Gold, Glory, and Gospel. All authorities, kings, traders, which is in the southern European country talking about the very wealthy. They are vying to reach the archipelago of the various pathways. Unfortunately, it was not there a map of sea voyages in full and contains detailed route from Europe to the region known as the East Indies Europe. Map of European nations has just reached the mainland India, while the area on the east side was still dark.

Compared to Spanish, Portuguese is superior in many ways. Portuguese sailors who are runaway leaders Templar (and founded the Knights of Christ), with strict maps attempt to conceal their latest shows sea routes to Southeast Asia. The maps then the thing most wanted by many kings and merchants of Europe. But like the saying goes, "smart-smart squirrel jump, eventually falling too", then so are the maps held secret Portuguese sailors. A number of Dutch people who have worked long on the Portuguese sailors know this. One of them named Jan Huygen van Linschoten. In 1595 he published a book called Oost ofte Itinerario naer Portugaels Indien, Travel Guide to the East or Portuguese Indies, which includes a variety of maps and very detailed deksripsi cruise lines that made the Portuguese to the East Indies, complete with all its problems.

Books that sell well in Europe, but of course this is not like Portuguese. The nation held a grudge on the Dutch people. Thanks to this van Linschoten, the Dutch finally know a lot of the problems faced by the Portuguese in the new region and also the secrets of the ship and the voyage track. The entrepreneurs and the Dutch authorities to build and refine maritime fleet ships immediately, so that they can plunder the world's wealthy south, and not inferior to other European kingdoms.

In 1595 the Dutch sent a first expedition to the archipelago called the East Indies. This expedition consisted of four ships with 249 crew led by Cornelis de Houtman, a Dutchman who has long worked on the Portuguese in Lisbon. Approximately one year later, in June 1596, de Houtman landed at the port of Bantam which is the main port of the pepper trade of Java, then along the north coast, stopping at Sedayu, Madura, and others. De Houtman very poor leadership. He behaved arrogant and arbitrary besikap on indigenous people and also against fellow European traders. A number of conflicts caused him to lose a lot of boat and crew, so when it landed in the Netherlands in 1597, leaving him only three boats and 89 crew. However, the three ships full of spices and other valuable objects.

Dutch people think, if a de Houtman who is not capable to lead the course can earn that much, especially if led by a man and a fleet that is far superior. The return of the team de Houtman cause a burning passion in many Dutch merchants to follow in his footsteps. Houtman trail followed by dozens or even hundreds of Dutch merchants sent their fleets to the East Indies. Within a few short years, had invaded the Netherlands East Indies and it lasts a long time until the newly independent in 1945.

History of the descendants of Arab Youth Pledge

The descendants of Arab Youth Pledge has a 3 point statement, namely: 1. Peranakan Arab country is Indonesia. 2. Peranakan Arabs must leave life alone (isolation) 3. Arab Peranakan fulfill its obligations to the ground-water and Indonesia.

On 4-5 October 1934, the young men of Arab descent in the archipelago to the congress in Semarang. In this congress they agreed to recognize Indonesia as their homeland, as previously berangapan among Arabs that their homeland is the Arab countries and is always oriented to the Arabs. Congress youth of Arab descent are rarely known to the public because it is not taught in the subjects of history in Indonesia. In fact, I swear this young Arab descent have large consequences for themselves as descendants of Arabs and to support the struggle for independence in Indonesia.

Background
Dutch colonial government divided 3 strata of society in the archipelago. The upper class were white (European, American, Japanese, etc.), second-class citizens of foreign Asian (Arab, India, China etc.) and third were natives of Indonesia. Arabs who migrated to Indonesia the majority coming from Hadramauth, South Yemen. Those Arabs who came to the archipelago was entirely male, and because of distance constraints as well as Arabic tradition (women do not go traveling) then they come without a wife or female relatives. Arab men were married to native women. If the Europeans refer to as inlander natives (the porter) refer to the indigenous Arab descent ahwal terms, which means mother's sister. For all of Arab descent was definitely her mother's native.

On August 1, 1934, Daily Sun AR Baswedan Semarang includes article about the Arabs. AR Baswedan is Peranakan Ampel Surabaya Arab origin. In the article was a picture of AR Baswedan blangkon wear. He invited Arab descent, like himself, embracing the principle of ius soli citizenship: where I was born, that's where my homeland. The article, entitled "Arab Peranakan and Totoknya" contains a recommendation on the recognition of Indonesia as a country. The article also contains an explanation of how the attitude of nationalism Baswedan recommended to his people. The basic ideas of the Arab homeland lainb Peranakan is Indonesia; Arab Peranakan culture is a culture of Indonesia - Islamic Arab Peranakan compulsory work for the homeland and the people of Indonesia; political organization should be established specifically for the Arab Peranakan; Avoid things that can cause disputes in the Arab community; Stay away from the life of solitude and adjust to the circumstances of the times and people of Indonesia. AR Baswedan article is selected by Tempo magazine special edition of the National Centennial of the rise (May 2008) as one of the 100 most influential writings in the history of Indonesia.

The article was written AR Baswedan appalling when he was 26 years old. Because of the article, people of Arab descent was furious with her for the idea raises humble in the eyes of the Arabs at that time. Not only that, through the Sun newspaper AR Baswedan routinely throw ideas on the importance of integration, unity of Arabs in Indonesia, for Indonesia together another nation fighting for independence for Indonesia. The emergence of the idea of ​​establishing Arab Party Indonesia is closely related to the submission of the principle of land for the Peranakan Arab Indonesia. The idea of ​​establishing Arab Party Indonesia with its recognition of the Arab homeland Peranakan developed and well articulated and fought for. AR Baswedan also actively calling on people of Arab descent to come together to help Indonesia fight. Therefore, AR Baswedan traveled to various cities to speak and spread his views on the Arab descent.

The descendants of Arab Youth Conference
On 4-5 October 1934 the young men of Arab descent from various towns in the archipelago gathered in Semarang. At that time the Arab society throughout Indonesia Peranakan an uproar because of the Arab Conference in Semarang. In PAI conference in Semarang AR Baswedan first ask the question where the ground water. The youths who attended the congress, aspires that the Arabs should be united to Indonesia and then fully integrated into the Indonesian nation. Initials at the conference of Arab youth Indonesia made an oath: "we are one country, Indonesia. And Arab descent who have departed this life alone (isolation) ". This oath is known by Indonesian Youth Pledge Arab descent.

According to AR Baswedan unity is the main capital for the Arab Peranakan then along the national movement united against the invaders. Previous congresses were all of Arab descent, even if they are intelligent and leading-no one recognize Indonesia as their homeland. They argue that their homeland is not Indonesia Arab country. AR Baswedan pioneered the rise of Arab nationalism that was initially reluctant to recognize Indonesia as a country. Since October 4, 1934 it united with the descendants of Arab national movement and abandon the identity of the Araban, then change the identity of the spirit into the spirit of Indonesian-ness kearaban.

A clear recognition of Arab descent that his homeland is Indonesia. This firmness was originally much opposed. But slowly this Congress echoed the call. Many Arab Peranakan who supports and follows the movement and the idea. The idea is credited with giving birth awareness of Indonesia as a homeland for the Arabs. Arab Peranakan eventually recognized as his fellow countrymen. History records the establishment of PAI further provides a great effect for the Arab community in Indonesia. Many of his characters was fought in government and society are active in Indonesia. Children and descendants in the present is also quite a few are acting as the national figures.

Characters
The descendants of Arab Youth Pledge was attended by youth leaders of Arab descent. The results of that conference was the establishment of the United Arab Indonesia which later became Indonesian Arab Party. At the conference it was agreed that the maintenance of PAI as follows: AR Baswedan (Chairman), Noah Alkaf (writer I), Salim Maskati (Writer II), Segaf Assegaf (Treasurer), Abdurrahim Argubi (Commissioner). Other PAI figures Algadri Hamid, Ahmad Bahaswan, HMA Alatas, HA Gilani, Argubi Hasan, Hasan Bahmid, A. Bayasut, Syechan Shahab, Husin Bafagih, ALi Assegaf, Ali Basyaib etc..